Periodic - recurring at regular intervals.
Properties of metals:
-They are hard and strong
-They are solids at room temperature (except for Mercury)
-They have a shiny luster when polished.
-They make good conductors of heat.
-They make good conductors of electricity
Reactivity is the ability of a substances to undergo change, usually by combining with another substance or by breaking down.
An alloy is a mixture of several other metals or a metal and a non-metal.
Characteristics of Group 1:
-Silver colour, soft
-Low-density metals
-These elements all have one electron in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose one electron to form a singly charged positive ion, or cation
Characteristics of Group 2:
-Silvery colour
-Soft
-These metals all have two electrons in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions
A nonmetal is an element that has a dull surface, is a poor conductor of electricity and heat, and is not malleable or ductile.
Carbon Family:
-The group consists of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and ununquadium (Uuq)
-Each of the elements in this group has 4 electrons in its outer energy level
-In most cases, the elements share their electrons
Nitrogen Family:
-The most important element of this group is nitrogen (N), which in its diatomic form is the principal component of air. Other members of the group include phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) and ununpentium (Uup) (unconfirmed)
-This group has the defining characteristic that all the component elements have 5 electrons in their outermost shell
-These elements are also noted for their stability in compounds due to their tendency for forming double and triple covalent bonds
Oxygen Family:
-Also known as the chalcogens
-It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), the radioactive polonium (Po), and the synthetic ununhexium (Uuh)
-The formal oxidation number of the oxygen family is generally -2 but other values, such as -1 can be attained
Halogen Family:
-Comprising fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; iodine, I; and astatine, At. The undiscovered element 117, temporarily named ununseptium, may also be considered a halogen
-The group of halogens is the only group which contains elements in all three familiar states of matter at standard temperature and pressure
-They are highly reactive, and as such can be harmful or lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities
Noble Gases:
-The seven noble gases are: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and ununoctium
-Chemically, the noble gases are very stable due to having the maximum number of valence electrons their outer shell can hold
-Under normal conditions, they occur as odorless, colorless, monatomic gases
Metalloids:
-The following elements are generally considered metalloids -Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po)
-They often form amphoteric oxides.
-They often behave as semiconductors (B,Si,Ge) to semimetals (eg. Sb)
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